By the end of 2018, the total amount of urban and rural buildings in China has reached 62 billion m2, and building energy consumption accounts for about 20% of the total social energy consumption, and as people's living standards and the improvement of indoor environment requirements continue to rise, building energy conservation will become an important means to deal with the global energy crisis and achieve green, low-carbon and sustainable development.

In 2010, in the Shanghai Expo Park, there is a high-energy building named "Hamburg House", which is the first "passive house" in China that has passed the international certification. This red brick building, about 18 meters high, does not need air conditioning, heating, through the ground, walls, doors and Windows of thermal insulation, fresh air system and solar energy and other renewable energy, you can achieve indoor constant temperature of 25 degrees, more than 90% energy saving than the general building.

The concept of "passive house" began in 1991, when Wolfgang Feist, the "father of the world's passive house", built the world's first "passive house" demonstration building in Germany. For more ultra-low energy building technologies, visit Passive House.

The German Passive House Institute (PHI), the founder of the passive room, believes that the passive room is to meet the requirements of "heating energy comes from itself", to achieve a comfortable room temperature, and there is no need to install heating and cooling facilities to "actively" provide energy.

However, when the "Hamburg House" opened, the "passive room" was only a new thing in China.

Today, 9 years later, Gaobeidian City, Hebei Province has become the 23rd International passive House Congress, which is the first international passive house congress out of Europe.

More and more passive housing policies

It has policy support in many places in China.

Because the "passive room" relies on clean energy such as solar energy, as well as the waste heat of the human body and electrical appliances to achieve energy self-sufficiency, there is a strong energy saving and environmental protection, so it has won strong support from the government in Europe.

"Hamburg House" has announced its energy saving effect, its annual heating energy consumption per square meter is 15 KWH, only 5% of the average building.

According to public data, in Europe, "passive houses" are increasing at a rate of 8% per year. According to the latest regulations of the European Union, by 2020, all 27 countries of the European Union will adopt passive house standards.

China in 2011 with the German Energy Agency to carry out the "China ultra-low energy building demonstration project" cooperation, the first time to learn from the German passive house technology system, the successful construction of Hebei Qinhuangdao "in the water side" and other ultra-low energy building demonstration projects in line with China's national conditions.

In the context of energy conservation and emission reduction, the "13th Five-Year Plan" Comprehensive Work Plan for energy conservation and emission Reduction issued by The State Council clearly requires: actively develop passive ultra-low energy green buildings, and carry out pilot construction of ultra-low energy and near-zero energy buildings. For more ultra-low energy building technologies, visit Passive House.

Many provinces and cities in China, such as Beijing, Jiangsu, Hebei and Shandong, are also promoting the construction of "passive houses" in their provinces and cities through policy support.

For example, Beijing policy: Projects confirmed before October 8, 2017 will be rewarded according to 1000 yuan/square meter, and a single project will not exceed 30 million yuan; Projects confirmed from October 9, 2017 to October 8, 2018 will be rewarded according to 800 yuan/square meter, and no more than 25 million yuan for a single project; Projects confirmed from October 9, 2018 to October 8, 2019 will be rewarded according to 600 yuan/square meter, and a single project will not exceed 20 million yuan.

Zhengzhou Policy: Before the end of 2020, the social investment of ultra-low energy building projects to give a certain financial incentive, which is identified as the 2018 demonstration project, the financial incentive standard is 500 yuan/square meter, and a single project does not exceed 15 million yuan; It is identified as a demonstration project in 2019, and the financial reward standard is 400 yuan/square meter, and the single project does not exceed 12 million yuan; It is identified as a demonstration project in 2020, and the financial reward standard is 300 yuan/square meter, and the single project does not exceed 10 million yuan.

At present, there are 32 ultra-low energy building demonstration projects in Beijing, with a total demonstration area of 660,000 m2. In Hebei Province, 67 ultra-low energy consumption buildings were constructed with a construction area of 3.166,200 m2, of which 22 projects were completed with a total of 555,200 m2 and 45 projects under construction with a total of 2.611 million m2. Zhengzhou, Henan Province, currently has 12 ultra-low energy building demonstration projects, with a total area of about 784,000 m2; There are 53 provincial demonstration projects in 6 batches in Shandong Province, with a total construction area of 1.06 million square meters.

Passive room PHI technical training

Passive house standards and industries gradually formed

Domestic standards related to "passive rooms" are also gradually keeping up.

Xu Wei, president of the Institute of Building Environment and Energy Conservation of the China Academy of Building Science, said at the International Passive House Conference held in early October that from September 1 this year, the national standard "Near zero Energy building Technical Standard" GB/T51350-2019 was officially implemented. For more ultra-low energy building technologies, visit Passive House.

"Although the name is different, from the standard point of view, the international standard of 'passive room' and China's near-zero energy consumption standard are basically the same level." Xu Wei said, however, the standard is not mandatory, but voluntary choice, and considering the differences between the north and south of China, the standard is not necessarily very perfect.

In the acceptance of the "passive house", the "passive house" pays great attention to the effect, such as the people living in the breathing is not even, the house is not warm, which also leads to a lot of "passive house" project acceptance can not pass, and then the project changed from "passive house" to other types of housing.

In the 23rd International Passive House Congress can also be seen, around the "passive house" a series of industries are gradually forming.

Wu Fan, deputy chief designer of Beijing Architectural Design and Research Institute, introduced that the core technology of "passive room" includes thermal insulation, thermal insulation system, passive door and window design, avoid cold and hot bridge design, excellent air tight design, fresh air system and efficient energy system, renewable energy system application, and from new building materials such as graphite polystyrene board to passive high-performance system window. To the core equipment environment of the "passive room", there are enterprises involved in the international passive room conference.

Market awareness is low, and the participation of housing enterprises is limited

As of October 2019, more than 7 million m2 of ultra-low energy consumption building projects were under construction or completed in China, most of which were distributed in Beijing, Hebei, Henan and Shandong provinces, and 164 ultra-low energy building demonstration projects were under construction or completed in these four provinces and cities, with a total area of 5.670,200 m2.

However, although "passive house" has multiple benefits, from the current market situation, "passive house" in the buyer group awareness is not high.

Currently, only 10% of people who have purchased a home in the last two to three years have heard of a "passive home." For more ultra-low energy building technologies, visit Passive House.

In addition, there are not too many developers who carry out large-scale "passive house" construction in China.

Moreover, "passive housing" is not the main direction of exploration for developers.

Professor Zhang Yinping, director of the built Environment Testing Center of Tsinghua University, said that his institution and real estate companies have also cooperated a lot, but he personally feels that it is not enough. And there is always a phenomenon when cooperating with some enterprises, that is, the cooperation is not easy to push forward in the end.

At present, the reason why there is no large-scale exploration of "passive room" is not technical limitations, but under the current market conditions, the cost of "passive room" is relatively high, the unit price will be high, but "passive room" due to the consideration of air tightness and insulation, the wall is thicker, which will directly lead to the increase of the public share coefficient of the house and the reduction of the use area of the house. The owners might not buy it.

"We also know that the 'passive room' must be good in the long run, and because of the good energy saving effect, the energy consumption cost during the use will be greatly reduced, which can make up for the relatively high housing prices in the early stage, but whether the audience accepts it, we are not clear." Perhaps with more policy support, we will invest more money in this area." The developer said. For more ultra-low energy building technologies, visit Passive House.

Passive house development in our country

1. The passive house has successfully made the transition from pilot to demonstration. In recent years, China's ultra-low energy consumption demonstration projects have been completely dependent on foreign technical systems and indicators, and can now be independently designed and constructed. However, at present, it is still in its infancy, and the industry needs to constantly summarize and refine the technical system suitable for building types in China's climate zone. For more ultra-low energy technologies, please visit the Passive House website.

2. The actual operation monitoring results show that the actual energy consumption of the demonstration projects can meet the design objectives of energy consumption control. The measured energy consumption data of some buildings that have been built and operated for more than one year show that the annual energy consumption of ultra-low demonstration projects in cold areas can be controlled at 25-30kWh/ (m2a), which can save 80% of energy compared with similar buildings in the region, and the energy saving rate can also reach 70-75% in hot summer and cold winter areas and hot summer and warm winter areas. Compared with international similar projects, the energy saving performance of some demonstration projects in our country has reached the international advanced level.

3. Product features can be greatly improved. The heat transfer coefficient of the transparent envelope selected for the demonstration project can be controlled at 0.6-1.0W/ (m2a), and the character and energy parameters of each part of the building are basically consistent with the level of developed countries.

4. The incremental cost of demonstration projects is controllable. Through the investigation of the economic cost of demonstration projects can be found. The incremental cost of ultra-low energy consumption buildings in China is 800-1200 yuan /m2, and the cost increment accounts for 20-25%.

The future of passive rooms is promising!